“Paradigm has changed. The smaller the engine capacity, “said Fred Becker, Director of Sales Engineering Concepts NREC, a company turbocharger producers from the United States, at SAE World Congress in Detroit last week.
However, the performance is not sacrificed. “In fact, the more intense, more efficient, and exhaust gas emissions are also so low. The car was driven by steady on a variety of conditions, “he added.
Actually, the trend has been underway since last few years. For example Volkswagen, which developed TSI engine. Although the 1.4-liter engine capacity, ability to match the 2.0-liter engine. VW engines have been used on products sold in Indonesia, the Touran MPV.
Gasoline engine-now-especially great because the more applications are combined with direct injection technology petrol or gasoline direct injection (GDI or DI) and the turbocharger. Especially for the turbo, this system does not only work on medium and high speed, but starting from the start. Turbochargers also no longer owned a large capacity machine, but also a small engine, below 1.5 liters.
Noise
In addition to boosting performance machines that are more efficient, development by turbocharger manufacturers is to reduce the noise caused by this device. For that, the engineer who specializes in automotive turbochargers special-application re-analyzing and designing turbo subcomponents, such as shape, angle, and the size of the fan leaf (blade-blade). Result, the ability of the turbocharger is now more intense.
In addition, because many companies are interested in automotive component suppliers producing turbochargers, new ideas emerged. For example, designing a turbocharger with a miniature model of water cleanup pumps in nuclear reactors.
There also are making impellers (blade-blade) as a hydroelectric turbine (power plant) is safe through the fish. Some are made to replace the axial fan tail rotor helicopter model. In fact, the NREC has managed to create a highly efficient turbocharger, capable of reducing NOx, and worked in the radial.
Recovering energy
“No less attractive because of design and engineering knowledge continue to grow. Turbochargers are designed specifically for current generation gasoline and diesel engines, “said Becker. Therefore, the upcoming turbocharger designed for smaller engine capacity and number of cylinders a little, for example, four, three, or even two cylinders. “In fact, had anyone have an idea to unite the turbo unit with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation),” Becker beber.
During this time, the development of automotive turbochargers on slow assessed. The reason is, the added value obtained from the turbocharger a bit.
“In order to obtain greater value added, research is now focused on the turbo impeller aerodynamics,” he said. He added, later not only to boost turbocharger (boost) power of the engine, but also to restore or recover energy.
Currently widely used bioethanol as a substitute for fuel oil. Ten students of the Institute of Technology November (ITS), Surabaya, managed to examine water algae can be used as an alias for making bioethanol. To one liter of bioethanol, only takes 0.67 kilograms of Algae Spirogyra.
ITS students are Sulfahri and Eko Sunarto from the Department of Biological Science, State, and Siti Utami Mushlihah and Renia Setyo FTSP of Environmental Engineering. They began doing research since April and Higher Education-funded grant and found excess Algae Spirogyra if processed into bioethanol.
Through research, they prove more efficient if the algae used as bioethanol compared with other materials. To produce one liter of bioethanol requires 8 kg 6.5 kg of sweet potatoes or cassava, or 5 kg of maize. However, for the same results, with Algae Spirogyra required only 0.67 kg.
Interested in researching algae Sulfahri mention this because for many of bioethanol produced from food crops such as maize, cassava, and sweet potatoes. In fact, these materials are still needed as the support of foodstuffs. While algae are spread everywhere and higher carb content than corn or tubers.
Spirogyra algae or water algae used as the research is that green thready. Algae are composed of cells that form long strands like these threads vegetatively reproduce by fragmentation and proliferation are generative to the conjugation
Spirogyra algae contain up to 64 percent carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are needed in the fermentation process to produce bioethanol. Algae reproduce rapidly and do not require extensive land. In addition, the fermentation process is also faster.
Treatment begins with manual drying in the sun (more or less three days) or dried in an oven. After drying of water mixed with a ratio 1:15. Then crushed in a blender or machine.
Furthermore, the hydrolysis process is heated or about two hours and cooled in the temperature to 4 degrees celsius. To help the process of fermentation, enzyme added aminase. “The process of fermentation of 10 days had better results,” said Eko.
To obtain bioethanol, were distilled. “Yield and quality no less when compared with other materials bioethanol, ’strongly Sulfahri.
National fuel needs can be met through the production of bioethanol. Until March 2008, Indonesian fuel demand reached 1.3 million barrels per day, whereas the national oil production is only around 900,000 barrels per day. While the total production of bioethanol in Indonesia until June 30, 2008 only about 160,000 kiloliters
Trends in the use of automatic transmission cars in Indonesia rose. Operation even easier than the manual, without the clutch. Nevertheless, it does not mean man can not make mistakes. And, the behavior of one can make the lifetime becomes shorter.
Transmission damage due to improper operation of only 10 percent, 85 percent of the largest oil change just due to negligence, while 5 percent due to the age of consumption.
There are minor omissions, negligence, although not fatal, to be the beginning of transmission damage. Like what is negligence?
- Do not move the lever to N. We stopped a long time in a traffic jam or a red light, sometimes the driver continues transmission rod in position D. This condition makes the transmission of extra work due to work as a limited supply of fresh air. If the stop of more than 60 seconds, immediately move the transmission to N so that lubricants do not increase dramatically.
- Step on the gas into the D. We sign up at the lights, so the sign is green, drivers often move the stick directly to D and direct the gas pedal. In fact, the transmission takes time to engage with the process fluid pressure to move toward the torque converter. If this habit is often done selenoid valve inside the transmission can be easily damaged.
- Frequently perform engine brake. To obtain the effect of engine brake, may be used in low gear. However, the displacement was made during the 3000 rpm engine speed. Because, if on top of that, there could be hard to reduce friction and wear life of the clutch friction within trasmisi.
- Move position from D to R. Move the gear lever from D to R (to parking) needs to speed his hand. However, if done roughly, the conventional transmission could result in damage to the planetary gear and one way clutch. While outside of the transmission components that are affected like the dc coupling cross joint, engine mounting and the axle (front wheel drive).
- Prevent the transmission in first gear. Needs engine brake on the street or down a steep incline on the road acceleration performance, one would need a tooth. But, this condition should only be done as necessary and unavoidable when dealing with normal road conditions (flat). Therefore, the burden increasingly heavy clutch. Moreover, if continued into high gear on a conventional automatic transmissions still use valves. Can make performance pedal parts behind the piston can be problematic due to excessive pressure.
